ВІДШКОДУВАННЯ ЗБИТКІВ, ЗАВДАНИХ ВІЙНОЮ: ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМИ НА ПРИКЛАДІ ЗБРОЙНОЇ АГРЕСІЇ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ФЕДЕРАЦІЇ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2023/2.126-5Ключові слова:
відшкодування збитків, відшкодування шкоди, завданої війною, війна в Україні, урегулювання спорів, перехідне правосуддяАнотація
Вступ. Війна завдає значних руйнувань, і в цьому випадку йдеться як про майнові втрати, так і про життя та здоров'я звичайних громадян. Збитки, яких зазнала Україна та її громадяни протягом років окупації територій і війни, обраховуються в мільярдах, хоча важко остаточно визначити як методологію розрахунків, так і конкретні цифри. Для відновлення справедливості є набагато важливішим створити справедливу, прозору та зрозумілу процедуру компенсації збитків, завданих громадянам і підприємствам унаслідок цих подій. Це особливо важливо в контексті необхідності реалізації цілей сталого розвитку, зокрема й забезпечення рівного доступу до правосуддя для всіх. Статтю присвячено цим і пов'язаним питанням.
Методи. Для розроблення процедури відшкодування втрат і збитків, завданих війною, спочатку ми визначили, що саме може бути компенсовано та хто може подати заяву про відшкодування. Ці й інші фактори визначають особливості процедури відновлення прав і відшкодування шкоди, завданої війною в Україні. Під час пошуку відповіді на це питання ми проаналізували чинне законодавство України та проєкти законів, запропоновані для регулювання відносин, пов'язаних із компенсацією збитків.
Також був проведений комплексний аналіз понять, таких як втрати, збитки, компенсація, репарації та відшкодування, які визначені в національному законодавстві та міжнародних угодах. Узагальнення судової практики національних судів (понад 250 проаналізованих рішень судів першої та апеляційної і касаційної інстанцій за період із 20 лютого 2014 р. по 1 вересня 2023 р., приклади яких наведені в дослідженні) свідчить про наявність різних підходів до відшкодування шкоди та розуміння того, як відновити порушені права громадян.
Результати. Для розроблення шляхів можливого врегулюння цих проблем був проведений аналіз досвіду країн, що стикалися зі схожими подіями. Особливу увагу приділено практиці Європейського суду з прав людини, що має вирішальне значення для України (рішення у справах про компенсацію збитків, завданих окупацією).
Висновки. У висновку пропонуємо визначити підходи до застосування інститутів компенсації та компенсування втрат і збитків, узгоджуючи їх із міжнародними підходами, а також відповідно до очікувань суспільства для визначення найефективніших форм захисту таких прав на основі визначених критеріїв.
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